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Property Possession after 12 Years

Property Possession after 12 Years


As per the Limitation Act 1963, the statutory period of limitation that is allowed for possession of immovable property or any interest is 12 years in the case of private property and 30 years for public property, from the date the the trespasser occupies the property. 

It also said a person who has perfected his title by way of adverse possession can file a suit for obtaining an injunction protecting possession and for recovery of possession in case his dispossession.

“In case a person in adverse possession has perfected his title, after the extinguishment of the title of the true owner, he can’t be dispossessed by a true owner as the owner has lost his right, title and interest,” it said. "There are instances when such properties are encroached upon and a plea of adverse possession is raised. In such cases, on the land reserved for public utility, it is desirable that rights should not accrue.

The law of adverse possession may cause harsh consequences, hence, Supreme Court of India constrained to observe that it would be advisable that concerning such properties dedicated to the public cause, it is made clear in the statute of limitation that no rights can accrue by adverse possession," the court said.

The Supreme Court has held that a person who has acquired right over a property as it was in his possession for 12 years can file a suit to re-claim it in case of forced dispossession by the original owner or any other party.

The top court referred to the "doctrine of adverse possession", under which a person who is not the original owner becomes the owner because of the fact that he has been in possession of the property for a minimum of 12-years, within which the real owner did not seek legal recourse to oust him.

It said that consequence of the ruling is that "once the right, title or interest is acquired it can be used as a sword by the plaintiff as well as a shield by the defendant within ken of Article 65 of the Limitation Act (law which deals with maintainability of law suit on the basis of time limit) and any person who has perfected title by way of adverse possession, can file a suit for restoration of possession in case of dispossession".

The top court held that in case of dispossession by another person by taking law in his hand a possessory suit can be maintained under the law even before the ripening of title by way of adverse possession.


अचल संपत्ति पर 12 वर्ष से जिसका अवैध कब्जा, वही बन जाएगा कानूनी मालिक: सुप्रीम कोर्ट

अगर आपकी किसी अचल संपत्ति पर किसी ने कब्जा जमा लिया है तो उसे वहां से हटाने में लेट लतीफी नहीं करें। अपनी संपत्ति पर दूसरे के अवैध कब्जे को चुनौती देने में देर की तो संभव है कि वह आपके हाथ से हमेशा के लिए निकल जाए। दरअसल, सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने इस संबंध में एक बड़ा फैसला दिया है।

12 वर्ष के अंदर उठाना होगा कदम

सुप्रीम कोर्ट के फैसले के अनुसार, अगर वास्तविक या वैध मालिक अपनी अचल संपत्ति को दूसरे के कब्जे से वापस पाने के लिए समयसीमा के अंदर कदम नहीं उठा पाएंगे तो उनका मालिकाना हक समाप्त हो जाएगा और उस अचल संपत्ति पर जिसने कब्जा कर रखा है, उसी को कानूनी तौर पर मालिकाना हक दे दिया जाएगा। हालांकि, सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने अपने फैसले में यह भी स्पष्ट कर दिया कि सरकारी जमीन पर अतिक्रमण को इस दायरे में नहीं रखा जाएगा। यानी, सरकारी जमीन पर अवैध कब्जे को कभी भी कानूनी मान्यता नहीं मिल सकती है।

सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने क्या कहा?

बेंच ने कहा, 'हमारा फैसला है कि संपत्ति पर जिसका कब्जा है, उसे कोई दूसरा व्यक्ति बिना उचित कानूनी प्रक्रिया के वहां से हटा नहीं सकता है। अगर किसी ने 12 साल से अवैध कब्जा कर रखा है तो कानूनी मालिक के पास भी उसे हटाने का अधिकार भी नहीं रह जाएगा। ऐसी स्थिति में अवैध कब्जे वाले को ही कानूनी अधिकार, मालिकाना हक मिल जाएगा। हमारे विचार से इसका परिणाम यह होगा कि एक बार अधिकार (राइट), मालिकाना हक (टाइटल) या हिस्सा (इंट्रेस्ट) मिल जाने पर उसे वादी कानून के अनुच्छेद 65 के दायरे में तलवार की तरह इस्तेमाल कर सकता है, वहीं प्रतिवादी के लिए यह एक सुरक्षा कवच होगा। अगर किसी व्यक्ति ने कानून के तहत अवैध कब्जे को भी कानूनी कब्जे में तब्दील कर लिया तो जबर्दस्ती हटाए जाने पर वह कानून की मदद ले सकता है।'

12 वर्ष के बाद हाथ से निकल जाएगी संपत्ति

फैसले में स्पष्ट किया गया है कि अगर किसी ने 12 वर्ष तक अवैध कब्जा जारी रखा और उसके बाद उसने कानून के तहत मालिकाना हक प्राप्त कर लिया तो उसे असली मालिक भी नहीं हटा सकता है। अगर उससे जबर्दस्ती कब्जा हटवाया गया तो वह असली मालिक के खिलाफ भी केस कर सकता है और उसे वापस पाने का दावा कर सकता है क्योंकि असली मालिक 12 वर्ष के बाद अपना मालिकाना हक खो चुका होता है।

Read Judgment - https://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2008/4680/4680_2008_4_1501_15805_Judgement_07-Aug-2019.pdf

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